Many systemic diseases leave "signals" in the mouth, making oral health an important window to overall health. The following are some common associated diseases and their typical oral manifestations:
I. Common Systemic Diseases That Directly Affect Oral Health
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Diabetes
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Manifestations: Severe, recurrent gum redness, swelling, and bleeding (increased risk of periodontal disease that is difficult to control); dry mouth; sweet or acetone-like breath (fruity smell); slow wound healing; susceptibility to oral fungal infections (e.g., oral candidiasis/thrush, appearing as white patches).
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) / Chronic Vomiting (e.g., from anorexia, morning sickness)
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Manifestations: Uniform acid erosion on the inner surfaces (tongue side) and chewing surfaces of teeth; tooth sensitivity, thinning, and shortening. Often accompanied by dry mouth and a burning sensation in the throat.
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Immune System Diseases
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Sjögren's Syndrome: Extreme dry mouth; thick, stringy saliva; smooth, glossy tongue; rampant tooth decay; difficulty swallowing.
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Crohn's Disease / Ulcerative Colitis: Recurrent, painful mouth ulcers similar to intestinal ulcers; gums may become enlarged with a cobblestone appearance.
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AIDS (HIV): Severe, recurring oral herpes; fungal infections (thrush); oral hairy leukoplakia (white, hairy patches on the sides of the tongue that cannot be wiped off).
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Blood Diseases
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Anemia: Pale oral mucosa and gums; smooth, atrophic, and painful tongue (glossitis).
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Leukemia: Abnormally swollen gums that are pale or dark red; spontaneous, persistent bleeding; poor response to常规 periodontal treatment.
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Osteoporosis
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Manifestations: Accelerated tooth loosening and shifting; generalized resorption of jawbone; ill-fitting dentures.
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