Many systemic diseases leave "signals" in the mouth, making oral health an important window to overall health. The following are some common associated diseases and their typical oral manifestations:
1.Diabetes
Manifestations: Severe and recurrent gum redness, swelling and bleeding (high risk of uncontrollable periodontal disease); dry mouth; sweet or acetone-like breath (fruity odor); slow wound healing; high susceptibility to oral fungal infections (e.g., oral candidiasis/thrush, characterized by white patches).
2.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) / Chronic Vomiting (e.g., anorexia, morning sickness)
Manifestations:
Uniform acid erosion on the lingual surfaces and occlusal surfaces of teeth; tooth sensitivity, thinning and shortening. Often accompanied by dry mouth and a burning sensation in the throat.
3.Immune System Diseases
1). Sjögren's Syndrome: Extreme dry mouth; thick, ropy saliva; smooth and glossy tongue; rampant dental caries; difficulty swallowing.
2). Crohn's Disease / Ulcerative Colitis: Recurrent and painful oral ulcers similar to intestinal ulcers; gums may be hyperplastic with a cobblestone-like appearance.
3). AIDS (HIV): Severe recurrent oral herpes; fungal infections (thrush); oral hairy leukoplakia (white, hair-like patches on the tongue margins that cannot be wiped off).
4. Blood Diseases
(1) Anemia: Pale oral mucosa and gums; smooth, atrophic and painful tongue (glossitis).
(2) Leukemia: Abnormally swollen gums (pale or dark red); spontaneous and persistent bleeding; poor response to routine periodontal treatment.
5. Osteoporosis
Manifestations: Accelerated tooth mobility and displacement; generalized alveolar bone resorption; poorly fitting dentures.